EFFECTS OF SINGLE, BINARY AND TERTIARY COMBINATIONS WITH Jatropha gossypifolia AND OTHER PLANT-DERIVED MOLLUSCICIDES ON REPRODUCTION AND SURVIVAL OF THE SNAIL Lymnaea acuminata / Efeitos de combinações unitárias, binárias e terciárias de Jatropha gossypifolia e outros muluscicidas derivados de plantas na reprodução e sobrevivência do caramujo Lymnaea acuminata

The effect of sub-lethal doses (40% and 80% of LC50/24h) of plant derived molluscicides of singly, binary (1:1) and tertiary (1:1:1) combinations of the Rutin, Ellagic acid, Betulin and taraxerol with J. gossypifolia latex, leaf and stem bark powder extracts and their active component on the reproduction of freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata have been studied. It was observed that the J. gossypifolia latex, stem bark, individual leaf and their combinations with other plant derived active molluscicidal components caused a significant reduction in fecundity, hatchability and survival of young snails. It is believed that sub-lethal exposure of these molluscicides on snail reproduction is a complex process involving more than one factor in reducing the reproductive capacity.

O efeito de doses sub-letais (40% e 80% de LC50/24h) de moluscicidas derivados de plantas com combinações unitárias, binárias (1:1) e terciárias (1:1:1) de Rutin, ácido Elágico, Betulin e taraxerol com látex da J. gossypifolia, folhas e extrato em pó de casca de caule e seus componentes ativos foram estudados na reprodução do caramujo de água fresca Lymnaea acuminata. Foi observado que o látex da J. gossypifolia, casca do caule, folhas individualmente e suas combinações com componentes moluscicidas ativos derivados de outras plantas causaram redução significante na fecundidade, incubação e sobrevivência dos caramujos jovens. Acredita-se que a exposição sub-letal destes moluscicidas sobre a reprodução dos caramujos é processo complexo envolvendo mais de um fator na redução da capacidade reprodutiva.

Characterization of the molluscicidal activity of Bauhinia variegata and Mimusops elengi plant extracts against the fasciola vector lymnaea acuminata / Caracterização da atividade moluscicida dos extratos das plantas Bauhinia variegata e Mimusops elengi contra o vetor da Fasciola, Lymnaea acuminata

The molluscicidal activity of Bauhinia variegata leaf and Mimusops elengi bark was studied against vector snail Lymnaea acuminata. The toxicity of both plants was time and concentration-dependent. Among organic extracts, ethanol extracts of both plants were more toxic. Toxicity of B. variegata leaf ethanolic extract (96h LC50- 14.4 mg/L) was more pronounced than M. elengi bark ethanolic extract (96h LC50-15.0 mg/L). The 24h LC50 of column purified fraction of B. variegata and M. elengi bark were 20.3 mg/L and 18.3 mg/L, respectively. Saponin and quercetin were characterized and identified as active molluscicidal component. Co-migration of saponin (Rf 0.48) and quercetin (Rf 0.52) with column purified bark of M. elengi and leaf of B. variegata on thin layer chromatography demonstrate same Rf value i.e. 0.48 and 0.52, respectively. The present study clearly indicates the possibility of using M. elengi and/or B. variegata as potent molluscicide.

A atividade moluscicida das folhas da Bauhinia variegata e da casca do Mimusops elengi foi testada contra o vetor caracol, Limnaea acuminata. A toxicidade de ambas as plantas é dependente do tempo e da concentração. Entre os extratos orgânicos, os extratos de etanol de ambas as plantas foi mais tóxico. A toxicidade do extrato etanólico da folha da B. variegata (96 h LC50 - 14,4 mg/L) foi mais pronunciada do que o extrato etanólico da casca do M. elengi (96h - LC50 - 15,0 mg/L). As frações purificadas em coluna durante 24 h LC50 do B. variegata e da casca do M. elengi foram 20,3 mg/L e 18,3 mg/L, respectivamente. A saponina e a quercentina foram caracterizadas e identificadas como os componentes ativos moluscicidas. A co-migração da saponina (Rf 0,48) e da quercentina (Rf 0,52) com a casca purificada por coluna do M. elengi e as folhas da B. variegata na cromatografia demonstraram o mesmo valor Rf isto é, 0,48 e 0,52 respectivamente. O presente estudo indica claramente a possibilidade de usar M. elengi e/ou B. variegata como moluscicidas potentes.

Impact of Taraxerol in combination with extract of Euphorbia tirucalli plant on biological parameters of Lymnaea acuminata / Impacto do Taraxerol em combinação com o extrato da planta de Euphorbia tirucalli nos parâmetros biológicos da Lymnaea acuminata

The present work was carried out to evaluate the molluscicidal activity of active ingredient Taraxerol with the acetone extract of Euphorbia tirucalli against Lymnaea acuminata snail. The (fecundity, hatchability and survivability) of snail L. acuminata exposed to this extract was studied. The effects of the tested extracts on life-history traits of harmful snail L. acuminata have also been evaluated, and this study also expounds the inhibitory effects of these extracts singly as well as in binary combination (1:1 ratio). It concluded that these herbal products act as a potential source of molluscicides, and that they would also have the advantage of easy availability, low cost, biodegradability and greater acceptance amongst users than synthetic pesticide.

O presente trabalho foi levado a efeito para avaliar a atividade moluscicida do ingrediente ativo Taraxerol junto com o extrato de acetona da Euphorbia tirucalli contra o caramujo Lymnaea acuminata. Foram estudados a fecundidade, o desenvolvimento e sobrevivência do caramujo Lymnaea acuminata exposto a estes extratos. Os efeitos danosos destes extratos testados na vida do caramujo L. acuminata foram também avaliados e este estudo demonstra os efeitos inibidores destes extratos isolados ou em combinação binária (relação l:1). Concluiu-se que estes produtos vegetais agem como fontes potenciais de moluscicidas e que eles também têm a vantagem de obtenção fácil, baixo custo, biodegradabilidade e maior aceitação entre os usuários do que os pesticidas sintéticos.

Bait formulations of molluscicides and their effects on biochemical changes in the ovotestis of snail Lymnaea acuminata (Mollusca; Gastropoda:Lymnaeidae) / Formulações de iscas de moluscicidas e seus efeitos sobre as alterações bioquímicas no ovoteste do caramujo Lymnaea acuminata (Mollusca;Gastropoda:Lymnaeidae)

The effect of sub-lethal feeding of bait formulations containing molluscicidal component of Ferula asafoetida (ferulic acid, umbelliferone), Syzygium aromaticum (eugenol) and Carum carvi (limonene) on biochemical changes in the ovotestis of snail Lymnaea acuminata were studied. Bait formulations feeding to L. acuminata were studied in clear glass aquaria having diameter of 30 cm. Baits were prepared from different binary combinations of attractant amino acid (valine, aspartic acid, lysine and alanine 10 mM) in 100 mL of 2 percent agar solution + sub-lethal (20 percent and 60 percent of 24h LC50) doses of different molluscicides (ferulic acid, umbelliferone, eugenol and limonene). These baits caused maximum significant reduction in free amino acid, protein, DNA, RNA levels i.e. 41.37, 23.56, 48.36 and 14.29 percent of control in the ovotestis of the snail, respectively. Discontinuation of feeding after treatment of 60 percent of 96h LC50 of molluscicide containing bait for next 72h caused a significant recovery in free amino acid, protein, DNA and RNA levels in the ovotestis of L. acuminata.

Foi estudado o efeito subletal das iscas usadas para alimentação contendo componentes moluscicidas de Ferula asafoetida (ácido ferúlico, umbeliferone), Syzygium aromaticum (eugenol) e Carum carvi (limonene) nas alterações bioquímicas do ovoteste do caramujo Lymnaea acuminata. A formulação das iscas usadas para alimentar L. acuminata foi estudada em aquários de vidros transparentes de diâmetro de 30 cm. As iscas foram preparadas por combinações diferentes binárias de aminoácidos (valina, ácido aspártico, lisina e alanina 10 mM) em 100 mL de solução de agar a 2 por cento + doses subletais (20 por cento e 60 por cento durante 24 horas LC50) de diferentes moluscicidas (ácido ferúlico, umbeliferone, eugenol e limonene). Estas iscas causaram redução significante máxima em aminoácidos livres, proteínas, níveis de DNA e RNA isto é 41,37 por cento, 23,56 por cento, 48,36 por cento e 14,29 por cento de controle no ovoteste do caramujo, respectivamente. Discontinuação da alimentação depois do tratamento de 60 por cento de 96 horas de LC50 do moluscicida contendo a isca para as subsequentes 72 horas causou significante recuperação dos níveis de aminoácidos livres, proteína, DNA e RNA no ovoteste da L. acuminata.

Histoenzymological study on the toxicity of copper sulphate in the digestive glands of Lymnaea luteola.

During 24 and 48 hr of exposure, the digestive glands of Lymnaea treated with a lethal concentration of 0.038 mgl(-1) CuSO4 revealed intense activity of acid phosphatase in perilobular margin. On the other hand, same area of the gland showed moderate activity of ATPase during 24 and 48 hr of exposure. However, alkaline phosphatase showed average activity in perialveolar region and perilobular margin during 24 and 48, and 72 hr of exposure respectively The changes in the activity of these enzymes were nonsignificant in alveolar margin and perialveolar region of the gland. It is interesting to note moderate activity of acid phosphatase in perialveolar region during 24 hr of exposure.

Morphological and biochemical studies on the different developmental stages of a fresh water snail, Lymnaea stagnalis (Lymnaeidae) after treatment with some pesticides.

In the present study when the egg masses of Lymnaea stagnalis showing different developmental stages were introduced with the sub lethal concentrations of baygon and nuvan from cleavage to before hatching stages exhibited the development arrest in most of the egg capsules due to deviation in protein fractions in the corresponding development stages in comparison to control groups resulted into high percentage of mortality and low percentage of hatchability in treated groups. Another potent cause of low percentage of hatchability of young snails from their corresponding egg capsules was the phenomenon of polyembryony in nuvan treated egg masses which showed the high rate of mortality due to the lack of metabolites for their progressive development in comparison to control groups. Teratogenesis and deformities in larval stages were also observed in most of the egg capsules which could be correlated with the depletion of most of the protein fractions in the present investigation.

Toxicological effect and biochemical alterations induced by different fractions of Euphorbia royleana latex in freshwater harmful vector snail Lymnaea acuminata.

Laboratory evaluation was made to assess the molluscicidal activity of different fractions of Euphorbia royleana (Family- Euphorbiaceae) latex obtained through sephadex gel column against freshwater snail Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata Lamarack. This snail is the vector of liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus and Fasciola gigantica Cobbold, which causes endemic fascioliasis in cattle and livestock. The toxic effect of the different fractions was time dependent and fifth fraction obtained through benzene: ethyl acetate (5:5) had maximum molluscicidal activity against Lymnaea acuminata. There was a significant negative correlation between LC values and exposure periods thus increase in exposure time, the LC50 value of V fraction of Euphorbia royleana latex was decreased from 14.28 mg/l (24 hr) to 9.28 mg/l (96 hr) against Lymnaea acuminata. After exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of this fraction there were significant time and dose dependent alterations observed in pyruvate, lactate levels, ALAT, AAT, AChE and cytochrome oxidase enzyme activities in different body tissues of Lymnaea acuminata. It is proposed that the fifth fraction of E. royleana latex can be used as a molluscicide for controlling the harmful snail population from aquatic ecosystem without any harm due to their reversible toxic action.

Effect of copper sulphate, certain plants and adjuvants on the snails Biomphalaria alexandrina and Lymnae natalensis and on the zooplankton [Daphnia pulex]

The snails Biomphalaria alexandrina and Lymnaea natalensis were exposed to 1/10 LC50 of copper sulphate or of the plants Anagallis arvensis, Calendula micrantha and Ambrosia maritima. The snails were exposed firstly to copper sulphate then to each of the tested plants and vice-versa. The results showed that the pre-exposure of snails to A. arvensis and C. micrantha plants increased the molluscicidal action of copper sulphate against B. alexandrina and L. natalensis where it caused an additive effect. The pre-exposure to A. maritima caused different effects with copper sulphate, where it showed antagonistic effect on B. alexandrina and additive effect on L. natalensis snails. The pre-exposure of snails to copper sulphate increased the molluscicidal action of the tested plants against B. alexandrina and L. natalensis where it caused synergistic effect in case of Anagallis arvensis and Calendula micrantha against L. natalensis and additive effect in the rest of the treatments. Mixing of copper sulphate with each of the tested plants at different ratios caused antagonism in the molluscicidal activity of copper sulphate against B. alexandrina and L. natalensis snails. The addition of each of the following adjuvants; mono-ethylene glycol mono-oleate, mono-ethylene glycol di-oleate, potassium di-hydrogen phosphate and KZ mineral oil to copper sulphate increased the molluscicidal activity of copper sulphate against B. alexandrina, where it caused synergistic effect. In case of L. natalensis, mono-ethylene glycol mono-oleate and mono-ethylene glycol di-oleate caused an additive effect; while, potassium di-hydrogen phosphate and KZ mineral oil induced antagonistic effect. The result of examination of the toxic effect of copper sulphate in combination with each of the tested adjuvant against Daphnia pulex indicated that the treatment of copper sulphate and mono-ethylene glycol di-oleate increases the molluscicidal activity of copper sulphate and at the same time reduces its toxic effect against non-target organisms [Daphnia] and is the best for application

Molluscicidal activity of Lawsonia inermis and its binary and tertiary combinations with other plant derived molluscicides.

Molluscicidal activity of leaf, bark and seed of Lawsonia inermis against Lymnaea acuminata and Indoplanorbis exustus was studied. Highest toxicity was observed in the seed of Lawsonia inermis. Toxicity of binary (1:1) and tertiary (1:1:1) combinations of the essential oil of cedar (Cedrus deodara Roxh) and neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), powder from bulb of garlic (Allium sativum Linn), and oleoresin extracted from rhizome of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) with Lawsonia inermis and Embelia ribes fruit powder were studied against L. acuminata and I. exustus. L. inermis seed powder in combination with Cedrus deodara oil and Azadirachta indica oil was more toxic than their individual components and other combinations.

Separation and identification of triterpenoid saponins having molluscicidal activity from pittosporum tobira

In this work, the molluscicidal properties of Pittosporum tobira were studied. The dry powder suspension showed LC90 80, 60 and 52 ppm against Biomphalaria alexandrina, B. truncatus and L. Caillaudi, respectively. The chemical screening of the different fractionated extracts of the powdered plant showed the presence of some sterols, saponins, glycosides and a flavonoid. Using different chromatographic techniques, two components were separated from the methanol extract; the first was identified as 22-0-[2-methyl butyryl]-Al-barrigenol linked at C-3 to a linear pentasaccharide composed of rhamnose-xylose- xylose through an ether linkage. The second compound was identified as Al- barrigenol-22-0-angeloyl linked at C-3 to a linear pentasaccharide composed of glucose-xylose-glucuronic acid- xylose- glucose through an ether linkage. The structures of the separated compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods such as UV, 1H- NMR, IR and mass spectra

Heavy metal ion toxicity in the freshwater gastropod snail host, Lymnaea luteola.

Copper sulphate is in use as the molluscicide since six decades. However, the cidal mechanism involved is not understood. Therefore, the effect of copper sulphate added to the ambient medium at a concentration duration strength of 2 ppm X 6 hr, on the particulate fractions of the digestive gland of the pulmonate gastropod snail. Lymnaea luteola has been elucidated. Parameters such as oxidizing capacity, phosphorylating capacity and respiratory control have been studied. P:O and R.C. ratios dropped phenomenally and no uncoupling effect was seen in the presence of PCP in treated snails. These results show that some of the important properties of the particulate preparations have been affected by copperations.